Kalangwan: A Survey of Old Javanese Literature, by P. J. Zoetmulder, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1974.
kalangwan or kalangon = beauty --> the art of writing poetry in ancient Java.
lango = ecstasy
5-day week
6-day week
7-day week
Sukabumi inscription dated March 25, 804 AD - the earliest date so far found at which Old Javanese was used.
Holing (Chinese?) = Java
The oldest written work of literature in Malay dated from 1600, in Javanese in 9th or 10th century.
Check out: "Sanskrit in Indonesia" by J. Gonda.
Literary and spoken Javanese in simultaneous use.
Sanskrit words did not undergo phonetic change when absorbed into Old Javanese, but did structure and semantic change.
Sendok Dynasty:
11th century -- Teguh Dharmawangsa + ... (?) had a daughter who was married to a Balinese Prince, Udayana. They had 2 sons; Erlangga and Anak Wungsu who reigned Bali.
Erlangga divided his kingdom into 2, each for one son --> Jenggala and Kediri.
Kediri produced more literary work, and more dominant until 1222 when lost in a war. Then a new dynasty was born.--> Singhasari (now Malang), the king was Krtanagara. Wijaya was his son. Wijaya fought against Kadiri and won with help from Chinese force. He then ruled Majapahit with the name of Krtarajasa, defeated Bali in 1343.
Hindu-Javanese was brought to Bali into the existing Hindu Balinese.
In mid of 14th century Bali entered the orbit of Hindu-Javanism.
Majapahit collapsed.
Small kingdoms emerged. Daha (Kediri) was the strongest. Due to expansion of Islam, those small kingdoms collapsed . Blambangan was the last Hindu kingdom. It collapsed in the end of 17th century. By then Java's transition to Islam was complete. It marked the definitive end of Old Javanese literature in Java.
A story went around that Sultan of Demak ordered the burning of all "Buddhist" books after defeating Majapahit.
Old Javanese
Middle Javanese
Modern Javanese is generally used to describe the language in which the Javanese literature of pujangga-period (late 18th & early 19th century)
Kidung Sunda was written in Middle Javanese.
In OJ literature there are 2 different kinds of poems distinguished by metre -->
- kakawins --> Indian metre, used OJ proper
- kidung --> Javanese/Indonesian metre, used Middle Javanese, i.e Kidung language.
Middle Javanese is the later form developed from OJ.
All Middle Javanese literature as known at present was of Balinese origin.
Kidung literature in Bali was a continuation of a literary form which had its origin in Java.
The Middle Javanese of the Kidung literature is in effect a bridge that leads no where (not a bridge between OJ and Modern Javanese.)
The 3 existed side by side at the same time --> viz the 16th century;
OJ of kakawins written in Bali
Middle Javanese of Balinese Kidung literature and Modern Javanese of the early Moslem writing (16th century).
